The objective of this study was to determine the effects of malate level and yeast in concentrate on ruminal fermentation and digestibility of nutrients in heifers. The results revealed that rumen fermentation ruminal microorganisms and digestibility of nutrients were significantly different (P<0.05) as affected by malate level and yeast. In conclusion the combined use of concentrate containing high level of cassava chip at 70%DM with malate at 1000 g and yeast at 2000 g in concentrate could improve rumen fermentation and digestibility of nutrients in dairy heifers.

In the current practice cotton fabric is predominantly dyed with direct dyes in the presence of a considerable amount of electrolyte (Salt) to reduce negative charge on fiber surface. Thus the high concentration (40-100 g/l) of electrolyte required in cotton fabric dyeing may pose additional effluent problem and waste water treatment costs. The use of polycationic agent to modify the dyeing behaviour of direct dyes on cotton fabric is investigated. Normally polycationic agent had been treated on dyed fabric to improve fastness properties. The comparison of untreated and pretreated cotton fabric was found that the polycationic agent offers the potential for different dyeing patterning possibilities. The dyes was fixed on the fiber by ionic force. So color strength and exhaustion of pretreated fabric was better than untreated fabric and increased in fastness properties even when dyeing had been carried out in the absence of electrolyte. The purpose of the present work was to determine whether the pretreatment of cotton fabric with polycationic agent could enhance the dyeability of the fiber with direct dyes under appropriate condition such as assuming a positive charge on fiber which permitted “electrolyte-free” dyeing after modification without drain and helped reduce dyeing cost.

This research aimed to improve combustion burning system of boiler and to increase burning efficiency and use all out of the energy. The large boilers were used in the industrial factories which consume a lot of energy for production. The Increasing oil and gas fuel costs everyday cause many factories interested in energy saving with any technical engineering methods specifically for production costs and environment effect decreasing. This research program software was installed and invented for the industrial factory. This industry factory consumed cogeneration energy for fabric dying. The efficiency before installing the software is measured about 65.85-71.98% and heat loss by 50% of overall energy in the system. After installing heat loss in the system has been fallen to 5-12% and efficiency of heat in system has been reached a peak of 80-85%.

This research was concerned with dye extraction from the bark of eucalyptus and application for silk and cotton fabric dyeing. Silk and cotton fabrics were treated with premordanting process before dyeing experiments in order to facilitate dye absorbency of fabrics such as silk dyeing at 90ฐC for 40 minutes and pH 4 cotton dyeing at 60ฐC for 40 minutes and pH no adjustment. The best result was achieved when liquor ratio between fabric and dyed solution as 1:30 was employed. Silk dyed in the solution extracting from the bark of eucalyptus with mordant compound displayed yellow to brown colour except fabric using fesrrous (Fe) mordant exhibiting the shade of dark brown to grey. For cotton fabric the shade of yellow to orange was obtained except fabric using ferrous (Fe) mordant displaying the shade of pale grey to gray. Silk and cotton fabrics treated with pre-mordanted and dyeing process has presented the properties of colour fastness to washing water and perspiration from good to very good level whereas colour fastness to light and rubbing was from fair to good level.

The objectives of this study and product development of Thai Song Dam fabric womens bags were to study the cultural identity of the Thai Song Dam people to develop womens bags made from Thai Song Dam fabric and to study the satisfaction with the development of Thai Song Dam women bags products. The research instruments were an interview and a questionnaire for 80 women who were interested in Thai Song Dam fabric bags. The data were analyzed using a statistical package program such as frequency percentage mean and standard deviation. The results of the study on cultural identity of the Thai Song Dam people found that the dresses and souvenir products of the Thai Song Dam people have the most unique patterns to decorate the fabric which is embroidered with Piao flowers pattern. As for the development of bags made from Thai Song Dam fabric it was found that Thai Song Dam women’s bag are not produced. The researcher therefore studied by applying the patterns of womens bags that are popular today and applying the embroidered with Piao flowers patterns that are the identity of the Thai Song Dam people. As for the satisfaction towards the product development of Thai Song Dam womens bags it was found that overall product development satisfaction was at the highest level (x = 4.75 S.D. = 0.90). The overall satisfaction in sewing products was at the highest level (x = 4.64 S.D. = 0.39) and the overall bag product satisfaction was also at the highest level (x = 4.88 S.D. =0.32).