The objective of this research is to propose a new way to fabricate a composite material for future bone replacement development via growing apatite crystal on silk fibroin fiber. Apatite crystallization on silk fibroin fiber was prepared by precipitation reaction between Ca(NO3)2 solution and (NH4)2HPO4 solution adjusted pH by NH4OH solution. In this work Effect of solution concentration and initial pH values was investigated on apatite crystals. Chicken eggshells were used as calcium source by heating sufficiently powdered eggshells at 1300 °C for 4 h to acquire CaO powders made Ca(NO3)2 solution by dissolving in 65% HNO3 solution. Prepared Ca(NO3)2 solutions were adjusted concentration as 3 levels and were adjusted different pH values of 7 8 and 9 respectively. For processing of apatite crystallization silk fibroin fibers were immersed in Ca(NO3)2 solutions for 30 min. After that (NH4)2HPO4 solutions were added in silk fibroin fibers immersed in Ca(NO3)2 solutions. Reaction time was fixed about 1 min before cleaning to remove impurity precipitates on surface of silk fibroin fiber. Finally apatite crystallization on silk fibroin fibers occurred. The obtained result can conclude morphologies of apatite crystals on silk fibroin fibers was sheets sphere and flower. Solution concentrations and initial pH values directly influenced on Ca/P ratio of obtained apatite crystals by Ca/P ratio increases as increased solution concentrations or increased pH values. Finally research silk fibroin fibers were woven as two patterns of plain weave and twill weave and they were investigated Young’s modulus and tensile strength. The result indicates that Young’s modulus of silk fibroin fiber sheets woven as twill weave and as plain weave were about 616 MPa and 425 Mpa and tensile strengths of them weave were about 40 Mpa and 72 Mpa respectively. The optimum condition of growing apatite crystals on silk fibroin fibers was sample of CP19. Design of silk fibroin fiber with plain weave was an optimum pattern for future biomedical applicaions.

The main objective of the study is to design blades for chopping heart rice straw. This study is composed of three main testing parameters. The first parameter used is speeds at which the knife blades that will chop the straw. They will have 2 speeds one at 540 and the other at 720 rpm. The second parameter is the types of blades that will be used eclipse blades and smooth blades. The last parameter is the cutting edges. The eclipse and smooth types of the blades will have 4 5 and 6 cutting edges. For this test we use stubble sorted 50 heart rice straws. Placing the straw on the prepared steel and test with all three testing parameters repeating each testing parameter thrice and record the results. Based on the testing and evaluation the 6 edge eclipse blades with a speed of 720 rpm. Yielded the highes results for chopping heart rice straw at 66 percent. For the 6 edged smooth blades with a speed of 720 rpm the yield results for chopping heart rice straw was at 35.76%

The optimum conditions of extracting pectin from vegetables and fruits are apples grapefruit lemons and bananas were studied. It was found that pectin from grapefruit peel gave good physical property white and has a relatively highest yield. Therefore in this study was interested to choose grapefruit peel as raw materials to optimum the conditions of pectin extraction. In the process of pectin extraction the temperatures of the extraction were studied at various 50 60 70 80 and 90 ?C by using hydrochloric acid for 24 hours. It was found that when the temperature increased the pectin extract was increased while at 80 and 90 ?C have a similar effect. After that pH conditions of the extraction were studied by various acids such as hydrochloric acid nitric acid and acetic acid at the same concentration of 1.0 molar at 80 C for 24 hours (1440 minutes). The results found that hydrochloric acid gave maximum pectin extracted yield. Finally the extraction times were studied at 30 60 90 120 and 1440 minutes using 1.0 M hydrochloric acid. From this work can optimized the pectin extraction condition as of 80 C and the extraction time was 90 minutes that gave maximum yield of pectin. At the otherwise the times of extraction have no effect to the amount of pectin. The potential from this study had satisfactory results can be used to improve the extraction of pectin system.

The research aims to compare results of algorithm for solving allocation problem in multi-stage rice transportation between formulation of mathematical model with computation by Lingo V.11 and application of Differential Evolution (DE). The research was conducted in two stages: 1) comparing efficiency of the two employed applications in terms of economic and 2) comparing for minimum computation time. The proposed algorithm was tested with problems in six simulated case studies. Results show that in terms of economic DE did not generate better solutions than Lingo V.11 at an average of 0.525%. However it used faster response time at an average of 206 minutes when compared to Lingo V.11.

Bamboo sawdust from chopstick production process was used as substrate for Indian oyster (Phoenix mushroom) cultivation. Experimental studies in cultivation material including wood sawdust bamboo sawdust and fermented chopped straw for 4 experiments - first experiment used 100 % of wood sawdust the second experiment used 25 % of bamboo sawdust mixed with 75 % of fermented chopped straw the third one used 50 % of bamboo sawdust mixed with 50 % of fermented chopped straw the forth one used 75 % of bamboo sawdust mixed with 25 % of fermented chopped straw and the last one used 100 % of bamboo sawdust. All experiments were analyzed for chemical properties nutrients in substrates for mushroom growing and yield of mushroom. The results showed that each type of mushroom substrate with different humidity. pH is suitable for use as a mushroom cultivation material. For quantity of nutrients in bamboo sawdust is more than wood sawdust. Increasing of nutrients is depending on increase fermented chopped straw. For mycelia growth in wood sawdust were faster than a bamboo sawdust culture. Yield of Indian oyster (Phoenix mushroom) found in any treatments. Especially in experiment 3 (50 % of bamboo sawdust mixed with 50 % of fermented chopped straw) is more suitable for Indian oyster (Phoenix mushroom) cultivation which compared to the other treatments because of highest yield mushrooms (175.11 grams per piece).