In this research we will study an algebraic structure CI-algebra. Then we apply the notion of topology on a CI-algebra and investigate some related properties.

The objectives of this research were to study the cost structure of rice cultivation with the activity-based costing method and to compare the cost structure of rice cultivation with the activity-based costing method in Chaiyaphum Province. The sample of this research was 50 rice farmers in Ban Khwao District and 50 rice farmers in Khon Sawan District. A questionnaire was used to collect data. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics including percentage average standard deviation and t-test dependent samples. The results of this study showed that the cost structure of rice cultivation using the activity-based costing system method in Chaiyaphum province consisted of direct material cost direct labor cost and production cost. The direct material cost structure of Ban Khwao district was 232945 baht meanwhile the direct material cost structure of Khon Sawan district was 167850 baht. The direct labor cost of Ban Khwao district was 503600 baht meanwhile direct labor cost of Khon Sawan district was 473250 baht. The production cost of Ban Khwao district was 122610 baht meanwhile the production cost of Khon Sawan district was 121320 baht. The comparison of cost structure of rice cultivation with the activity-based costing method of Chaiyaphum Province showed that total cost of Ban Khwao district was 861605 baht meanwhile total cost of Khon Sawan district was 764970 baht. This implied that total cost of Ban Khwao district was higher than that of Khon Sawan district.

Recently the Thai industry has continually grown up and also plays a role to economic growth in the country which affects the many of automotive components to be in the market. While the degeneration and waste of automotive components had increased as well. Therefore a crash box is one of the automotive parts which damage from the accident. Consequently the researchers have created a prototype material to develop into the crash box to reduce the environment problem from automotive parts. The random mixture of water hyacinth and husk was attempted to up to 5 ingredients. By forming a solid cylinder and 200 mm of long was used as prototype of the crash box in this research. Thus the energy absorption using compressing test was attempted to by the universal testing machine. The results showed that using polymers as a binder with 50% of water hyacinth and 50% of husk was the better ability of energy absorption. Regarding this ingredient 1612444 J/m3 of the energy absorption was referred to indicate that is the best ability of energy absorption. It is probably reduce the severity of the impact in the event of pedestrian collision.

This Research is a Development of 8k White Gold low Alloy Metal Components for Jewelry Pieces. By Study and Analyze the Influence of Silver Alloy Gold Alloy Bronze Alloy Zinc Alloy and Tin Alloy. Which Affect Microstructure and Mechanical Properties. (The Different of Color Scales) And Resistance Behavior of Lowered 8k White Gold Alloy in Varies Ratio. The Results Showed that Tests and Analysis to Find the Quantities of Elements has found out that Chemical Components of 8k White Gold Low Alloy Metal had a Little Different Quantities when Compared Between Before and After Centrifugal Casting Process. The Tests and Analysis Results of Mechanical Properties of Test Pieces Showed that the Hardness and Tensile Strength of 8k White Gold Low Alloy Metal with Mixture of 33.33%Au+50.67%Ag+10%Cu+5%Zn+1%Sn had Minimum Ultimate Tensile Strength Equal 0.54 kN/mm2 Minimum Elongation Percentage of 55% and Maximum Hardness of 137.0 HV. The Test Results also Show that the Mechanical Properties of the Material are Brittle Material. When Perform a Forming Process the Pieces will be Easily Broken which was Meant that the Forming Process would be Difficult. But The Color Level of the Test Pieces at this Composite Ratio had the Best Metal Color Level. The Brightness L * = 74.87 was a * = -0.89 b * = 13.74 and the Value of ΔE with the Lowest Color Difference Level of 1.35. Compared to other Varies Ratio. It Showed that 8k White Gold Low Alloy Metal Test Pieces were Very Green and Came out Slightly Yellow Compared to the Blue Line that Approached the Standard Line. These Properties were the Physical Properties Required in 8k White Gold Low Alloy Metal Jewelry Pieces Production. Also there were the Results of 8k White Gold Low Alloy Metal in Two Formulas 8k 33.33%Au+50.67%Ag +8%Cu+7%Zn+1%Sn 33.33%Au+50.67%Ag+8%Cu+8%Zn+0%Sn. These Formulas had Tensile Strength in the Range of 1.10 0.60 kN /mm2 Elongation Percentage in the Range of 70 61% and Hardness of 115.6 123.3HV Respectively. The Results of the Mechanical Properties Test of the Test Pieces Showed that 8k White Gold Low Alloy Metal 33.33% Au+50.67%Ag+8%Cu+7%Zn+1%Sn has Similar Tensile Strength but Maximum Elongation Percentage of 70% and Minimum Hardness of 115.6HV. Which was Suitable for Forming Because of good Ductility and Stretchness Properties (Ductile Material). Forming would be Easy. These were Good Mechanical Properties for Forming Precious Metals.

In this work the objective is to develop the bilayer structure consisting of hydroxyapatite-alumina (HAp-Al2O3) layer and 3 mol% yttria tetragonal zirconia (TZ-3Y) layer using conventional technique consisting of the simple pressing together with pressureless sintering. In order to obtain the desired characteristics of bilayer structure layer thickness cosintering temperature and Al2O3 addition on successful fabrication of HAp-Al2O3/TZ-3Y bilayer structure are investigated. The results indicated that the HAp-10A/TZ-3Y bilayer structure was successfully fabricated by single-end die pressing the powders in hollow cylindrical graphite die under 60 MPa pressure and further wet-bag isostatically pressing in oil to 300 MPa pressure before sintering at 1200 ˚C for 1 h. It is found that an addition of 10 vol% Al2O3 into the HAp outerlayer is the essential condition to effectively suppress the differences in densification and coefficient of thermal expansion of the two layers during cosintering at 1200 oC for 1 h. The obtained HAp-10A/TZ-3Y bilayered disc has diameter of 21.0 mm HAp-10A outerlayer of 4.5 mm thick and TZ-3Y underlayer of 2.5 mm thick. The XRD pattern of the powders crushed from its HAp-10A outerlayer revealed no transformation into other new phases demonstrating that there is no reaction between HAp and Al2O3 during sintering at 1200˚C. The cross-section morphology of HAp-10A/TZ-3Y bilayered composite obtained from the SEM result revealed the porous structure with good interconnectivity. The high porous structure of the bilayered composite provided high surface area for cell attachment indicative of good cell growth and differentiation. The primary grain sizes of HAp-10A outerlayer and TZ-3Y underlayer were in the range of 1-3 um and 100-500 nm respectively. The hardness of HAp-10A layer and /TZ-3Y layer in bilayer structure varied with different layer thicknesses. Accordingly the results presented in this work demonstrated that the HAp-10A/TZ–3Y bilayered composite fabricated by simple technique has thick HAp-Al2O3 outerlayer and strong interfacial bonding between interface layers which can be tailored for specific applications