This research was aimed to study melting behavior of paraffin wax and to evaluate the natural heat convection coefficient of solid cylinder paraffin wax. Two grades of solid paraffin wax; white commercial grade and yellow market grade were studied. Three sizes of flat test tube in diameter 1.5 2.0 and 2.5 centimeters were used. Three different amounts of paraffin indicated from samples’ heights of 5 7 and 10 centimeters were set. The results found the average melting point of both grade paraffin ranged from 44-77 oC. Based on the numerical analysis heat behavior of solid cylinder paraffin at the initial temperature of 50 oC to room temperature of about 30 oC found that natural convection coefficients was ranged from 3 to 9 W/m 2oC. Melting point temperature was found mass independent property while natural convection coefficient declined as the sample’s diameter size inclined

The Thai wisdom knows the benefits of Carissa carandas L. to be used as a traditional herbal medicine. However there was no scientific evidence to show that Carissa carandas L. of Thailand can treat gout or not. In this research the Carissa carandas L. fruit extract in semi-ripening and ripe stage were studied for the phytochemical and inhibitory activity of xanthine oxidase one of the causes of gout. The result of hytochemical indicated that the crude extract from semi-ripening stage fruit contained many substances; phenolic compounds alkaloids flavonoids terpenoids saponins and deoxy sugars. While the ripe stage fruit contained the similar substances excepted saponins. The extract solution of Carissa carandas L. showed the xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity as the ethanolic extract solution gave the higher activity than water extract solution. The crude extracts of semi-ripening stage fruit presented the higher activity than the ripe stage one with the IC 50 values of 2.40 ± 0.05 and 2.87 ± 0.37 mg/mL respectively. The result of ripening stage with different phytochemical may be related to inhibition of xanthine oxidase activity. Therefore the selecting of sampling period and purification of extract may be a choice for using as medicine for gout

Changes in muscle protein proteolysis and lipid oxidation of ‘Mu Som’ added with different white and black glutinous rice ratios (w:w) at 100:0 (W100) 75:25 (W75B25) 50:50 (W50B50) 25:75 (W25B75) and 0:100 (B100) during 72 h fermentation at 30°C were investigated. During 36 h fermentation B100 exhibited a higher rate of fermentation than others as indicated by lowered pH and lactic acid production (p<0.05). Due to higher acid production rate the proteolysis of muscle proteins as evidenced by the increase in trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-soluble peptides and smaller molecular weight of proteins appeared as electrophoresis were more pronounced. These might contributed to higher released water and expressible water as well as pale color. Higher black glutinous tice higher released water and expressible water were observed. The lipid oxidation in all samples was observed during fermentation. All samples had no difference in likeness scores of all attributes (p>0.05). From the results the ratio of white and black glutinous rice might contribute to proteolysis which effected on released water of Mu Som.

The aim of this research was to model the hot air-drying (HAD) of fermented soybean meal (FSBM) containing probiotic Enterococcus faecium . The HAD was performed to reduce the moisture content of the FSBM. The effects of drying temperature on cell viability and moisture content were investigated. Moisture content decreased rapidly with increasing drying temperature. This probiotic strain’s cell viability slightly decreased at drying temperatures lower than 50°C and was greatly decreased at 55°C. Four mathematical models were applied to describe its drying kinetics revealing that the Page model was the best fit for characterizing the drying kinetics during drying of FSBM with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9996. Moreover the Page model provided the lowest root mean square error (RSME) and chi-square (X2) and the highest modeling efficiency

The purpose of this study was to optimize the bioethanol production from cassava pulp and cassava wastewater. The study was divided into two phase: 1.) Pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis 2.) Bioethanol fermentation. The effect of substrate and ratio of loading 1 3 5 and 7% (w/v) with the mixed enzyme α-amylase and glucoamylase ratio of 1:1 (v/v).The results showed that at 7% substrate loading the highest reducing sugar concentration was 89.55±1.13 g/L. Regarding the best ratio of α-amylase and glucoamylase at 1:1 (v/v) with fermentation time of 4 h gave the highest yield of 0.58±0.02 (g product/g substrate). In addition the highest glucose yield of 0.36±0.04 (g product/g substrate) was observed in 2 h fermentation time after hydrolysis with α-amylase and glucoamylase using cellulase and xylanase ratio of 1:1 (v/v). The results indicated that usage of mixed enzyme proved to spend shorter hydrolysis time and enhance the fermentable sugar production from cassava waste. The enzymatic hydrolysate was used as substrate for bioethanol fermentation using S.cerevisiaeTISTR5339. The results showed that the ethanol yield at fermentation time at 6 h with S.cerevisiae5 10 20 and 30% (v/v) were 0.27±0.027 0.23±0.002 0.19±0.022 and 0.16±0.011 (g ethanol/g substrate) respectively. The result indicated that ethanol yield decreased with increasing cell concentration of S.cerevisiaeTISTR5339 from 5% (v/v) to 30% (v/v).