Bread is a bakery product with low moisture content. It have a hard and sticky texture that cause difficult to eat. Therefore in the present study the effect of gelatinized starch (wheat corn rice tapioca and glutinous starch) to improve of bread quality was determined. Starch were gelatinized and added as bread ingredients. Gelatinized starch influenced the quality of bread. The bread obtained gelatinized starch with high specific volume and moisture content but low density (p≤0.05). Sensory evaluation showed that the bread which contained from gelatinized tapioca starch obtained highest score especially texture and overall acceptance from the panelists. Tapioca gel has been used as texture improving agent in bead. The effect of tapioca gel on the quality of bread were determined. The tapioca gel (0 20 30 40 and 50% of wheat starch) was used in the formulation of the bread. Increasing tapioca gel improved specific volume moisture content density and sensory quality (p≤0.05); however these quality were deteriorated as add tapioca gel up to 50% (p≤0.05).

Metaheuristic optimization approach has become the new framework for control synthesis. The main purposed of the control design are input (command) tracking and load (disturbance) regulating. This research proposes an optimal proportional-derivative (PID) controller design for the brushless dc (BLDC) motor speed control system with input tracking and load regulating constrained optimization by using the cuckoo search (CuS) one of the most efficient population-based metaheuristic optimization techniques. The sum-squared error between population-based metaheuristic optimization techniques. The sum-squared error between the referent input and the controlled output is set as the objective function to be minimized. The rise time the maximum overshoot settling time and steady-state error are set as inequality constraints for tracking purpose while the regulating time and the maximum overshoot of load regulation are set as inequality constraints for regulating purpose. Results obtained by the CuS will be compared with those obtained by the particle swarm optimization (PSO) and genetic algorithm (GA). From simulation results it was found that the parameters of CuS were optimal than both PSO and GA for BLDC motor speed control system satisfying the preset input tracking and load regulating constraints. In addition the simulation results are confirmed by the experimental ones from the BLDC motor speed control system developed in the laboratory.

This research aimed to develop paper from oil palm empty fruit bunch (Fb) oil palm mesocarp (M) and paper mulberry (P) with chitosan coating to be used as single-use paper bag for dry food products. The optimal pulp preparation conditions for Fb M and P fibers were boiling in 25 25 and 15% NaOH solution at 170 170 and 100°C for 3 hours respectively. The optimal H2O2 concentrations for bleaching of Fb M and P pulps were 40% 40% and 0.2% respectively. The obtained pulps were used to prepare papers with the basis weight of 109 g/m2 . The papers consisted of Fb M and P pulps at ratios of 70:0:30 (FbP) 0:70:30 (MP) and 35:35:30 (FbMP). It was found that FbP paper showed superior physical and/or mechanical characteristics than those of MP and FbMP. FbP papers were then coated with chitosan solutions (0.2-0.6%) to further improve their mechanical properties and reduce their water absorption characteristics. The optimal concentration of chitosan was 0.4%. This study showed that all three types of pulps could be used to produce papers that had equal or superior mechanical- and water adsorption properties as compared to those of commercially available paper bags made from wood pulp.

The objectives of this research were to characterize growth and melanin production on different culture media effect of copper ion and cobalt ion on growth and melanin production including antibacterial activity of crude melanin. The results revealed that actinomycetes strain PNST-01 have good growth on ISP-7 medium synthetic medium while strain PRBS-12 grow very well on ISP-3 medium complex medium. Both strains produced high amount of melanin showing brownish colony on ISP-7 medium but there is no melanin pigment production on ISP-1 medium and ISP-6 medium. Moreover the growth rate was reduced and both strains could not produce melanin pigment on ISP-7 medium without supplement with copper chloride and cobalt chloride. Crude melanin extract of strain PNST-01 showed antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778 Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 but could not inhibit Escherichia coli Shigella dysenteriae Salmonella typhi Klebsiella pneumoniae Serratia marcescens Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pyogenes . While crude melanin extract of strain PRBS-12 gave antimicrobial activity only on B. cereus ATCC 11778 and B. subtilis ATCC 6633. Based on the study the results can be used as key information for further development of melanin production and application in various industries.

The objective of this study was to construct the black pepper prices forecasting model by 4 statistical methods: Box-Jenkins method Holt’s exponential smoothing method Brown’s exponential smoothing method and damped trend exponential smoothing method. Time series of monthly black pepper prices which were gathered from the website of the Office of Agricultural Economics during January 2005 to December 2018 of 168 observations were divided into 2 datasets. The first dataset had 156 observations from January 2005 to December 2017 for constructing the forecasting models. The second dataset had 12 observations from January to December 2018 for comparing the accuracy of the forecasts via the criteria of the lowest mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and root mean squared error (RMSE). Research findings indicated that for all forecasting methods that had been studied the most accurate method was damped trend exponential smoothing method (MAPE = 6.5773 RMSE = 10.3775)