High petroleum cost nowadays and expectedly in the future is a major force driving the cost up in every industrial sector. In metal forming industry tooling design is a very important and costly process in the design and development phase. By a traditional means trial-and-error approach requires continuous corrections causing many problems to manufacturers since tooling corrections and real scale experiments are very costly and inefficient consumption of limited natural resources. As a result simulations via computer models play an important role in the present time. An important tool to this problem solving in the sheet metal forming industry is a nonlinear finite element method. When it works together with proper material models it has potential and is suitable for applications in the current 21st century to efficiently analyze and design manufacturing processes especially in sheet metal forming.

Aluminium alloys was used in the automotive parts industry increased for compensate steel parts material due to its lightweight and good surface. Since aluminium alloys are there relatively low mechanical properties although they can be deformed easily but the major limitation is their low formability. Especially the less bending radius which is often bending surface damaged easily. In the present work five-difference ratio of sheet thickness and bending radius for study to the bendability of cold rolled aluminum alloys AA6016 at low bending radius. The bending test by Air-bending method according to ISO 7438: 2010. To compare the results every 15 degrees. The mechanical behaviour surface roughness microstructure and damage evolution in the fillet region were analysed by experimental research. The experiment clearly showed that the Spring-back angle and bendability tend to decrease as the bending angle and material thickness increase. Due to the high tensile stress on the bending surface it effected to the surface roughness increases rapidly and led to the damage on the specimen bending surface. The initial cracks occur on the middle of the outer surface curvature and propagation in the shear plane pattern to the middle of the sheet thickness along the grain boundary. This is the consequence of plastic deformation by bending test.

This research article aims to study of the atomizer nozzle pattern in the gas atomization process. The production of metal powder by using a gas atomization process. It is the most popular process. This process is used in various industry and engineering application. However there is lack of information on the production of various precious metal powders in the jewelry manufacturing industry both in the country and abroad. For this reasons the research team is interested in applying this process for the Thai jewelry manufacturing industry. Currently the jewelry industry is in a transitional period of manufacturing technology with an increased focus on powder metallurgy technology. The production of metal powder by using a gas atomization process consisting of the following 3 steps: melting making of atomized molten metal cooling and solidifying for solid particles under a controlled gas atmosphere. Factors affecting particle shape particle size and particle size distribution are consisting of inert gas type molten metal temperature and the configuration or pattern of the nozzle that are different characteristics. The results can be concluded that Close-Coupled Nozzle is the most suitable nozzle for production due to the highest productivity providing the smallest particle size and spherical granular shape. The information from this study will be useful for the Thai jewelry manufacturing industry.

The plastic outlet problem is a rigid inflexible material. When assembling with a metal outlet set then it is usually not completely homogeneous. When used The outlet burns out quite often. And the plastic itself is less heat resistant. This allows the plastic to melt burn easily and conform to the upgrade of technology capabilities in precision mold manufacturing. And high complexity The researcher has foreseen the factors in making Developing the design and manufacturing of rubber plug molds economic opportunities for Natural Rubber Applications Therefore came up with the idea to develop the design and material selection. And the factors that affect the production is the mold and the process of forming. To help entrepreneurs to exchange knowledge and study the knowledge from this research to continue in the application of natural rubber to increase future value. From the results and experiments it was found that the study of the method of creating a prototype compression molding kit by using rubber forming techniques can be applied and used by various components of forming rubber can be used to develop forming Rubber plug sockets are possible and this process can produce prototypes from natural rubber.

An ability of fresh banana peel without surface modification was evaluated for the removal of lead ions from aqueous solution. Batch adsorption was performed at room temperature. The experimental conditions including dosage contact time initial concentration of lead( II) ion were studied. The characterization of fresh banana peel was carried out by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence ( ED-XRF) . The isotherm models of Langmuir and Freundlich were used to describe the adsorption mechanism involving the relationship between adsorbent surface capacity and adsorbed degree of lead(II)ion in the equilibrium conditions. The experimental data fitted well to the Langmuir isotherm with a correlation coefficient of r2 greater than 0.86. The Maximum adsorption capacity (qm) was found to be 0.9151 mg/g. The results of ED-XRF of fresh banana peels before and after treatment with lead( II) ion confirmed that lead( II) ion was occupied onto the surface of fresh banana peel. Moreover the inside of fresh banana peels was found the lead(II)ion larger than the outside peels. It was concluded that waste of banana could be used as a low-cost adsorbent for removal of lead(II)ion from aqueous solution based on a simple adsorption method.