The purpose of this research is to develop a hot air dryer using waste heat from a200 liter kiln for drying bananas and to investigate its drying performance. The main parts of the dryer consist of the drying chamber that has dimensions 0.71x0.83x.091 m3 the air circulation system and a heat exchanger which receives waste heat from the exhaust tube and kiln surface. The dryer was developed by designing a drying chamber on the top of a 200 liter kiln to reduce heat lost in the structure and an exhaust gas heat exchanger was developed using groups of copper tubes for increasing then heat transferred to the air. The drying performances were analyzed by measuring specific drying rates and specific energy consumption. Experiments were performed under different temperatures of 60 70 and 80℃ And at a constant velocity of 1.8 ms-1. Eucalyptus was selected as the heat source. Thirty kg of peeled bananas were prepared at an initial moisture content of 241.19±31.50% dry basis and were dried until to final moisture content of 48.47±10.46% dry basis. All experiments were carried out in duplicate. For temperatures of 60 70 and 80 ℃ the ave age specific drying rates were 0.085±0.0004 0.114±0.0009 and 0.1277±0.010 kg water h-1kesolid-1 and the average specific energy consumptions were 1.42±0.055 1.21±0.355 and 1.04±0.074 MJ/kg water respectively. Some dried bananas had burned at a temperature of 80℃ so at temperature of 70 ℃ was the optimal condition in this experiment. This produced good color a high specific drying rate and low specific energy consumption.

Development of prototype products from waste rice for teenage consumer. The purpose of this study was developing formula and prototype of waste rice for food production. The waste rice could be used as rice in 100% for 3 products such as Khao Tang Rice Crackers and Sticky Rice Coconut Cream. The suitable condition for Khao Tang was using waste rice as 110 g. and seasoning 10%. The result of physical and chemical analysis showed that: products have orange bright color hardness cripyness and not rancidity. The percentage of moisture fat protein crude fiber ash and carbohydrate content 4.02 ± 0.06 20.12 ± 0.05 9.36 ± 0.04 2.58 ± 0.12 4.30 ± 0.11 and 59.62 ± 0.09 respective. The suitable condition for Rice Crackers was using waste rice as 130 g. storage in room temperature at 24 hr. After that place to microwave at 20 sec. %. The result of physical and chemical analysis showed that: products have orange bright color Tom Yum seasoning for delicious hardness cripyness and not rancidity. The percentage of moisture fat protein crude fiber ash and carbohydrate content 6.69 ± 0.03 1.65 ± 0.06 5.23 ± 0.07 0.93 ± 0.13 1.37 ± 0.08 and 84.12 ± 0.05 respective. The suitable condition for Sticky Rice Coconut Cream was using coconut milk (UHT) as 175 g. storage in freeze at 24 hr. After that place to microwave at 30 sec. %. The result of physical and chemical analysis showed that: products have white-yellow bright color softness and coconut sweet taste. The percentage of moisture fat protein crude fiber ash and carbohydrate content 43.55 ± 0.03 6.29 ± 0.02 3.21 ± 0.03 1.20 ± 0.06 0.50 ± 0.09 and 45.24 ± 0.05 respective. The shelf life of 3 products are more than 2 months and consumer acceptability like moderately product.

A case study was conducted to design construct and test a thermosiphon economizer for increasing the temperature of feed water by using waste hot water. The simulation of the thermosiphon economizer (heat exchanger) for the establishment of the optimum size was performed using the thermos-economical method. The thermosyphon was made of a total of 80 copper tubes (outside diam.19.05 mm) with evaporative adiabatic and condensation lengths of 300 10 and 300 mm respectively. The working fluid was R-134a filling ratio was 50% by evaporative volume and the thermosiphon was arranged in a staggered form. In testing performance flow rate of the inlet hot water was set at 10 L/min and the controlled inlet temperature of cold water at 25oC. The average flow rate of the cold water was set at 5 7 and 10 L/min respectively. Results showed that the maximum of rate of heat transfer from the condenser section occurred at the flow rate of the cold water of 10 L/min. When test the inlet temperature of hot water of 4555 and 65 o C were used at the inlet volume flow rate of cold water of 10 L/min maximum heat transfer rates from the condenser 4626 8260 and 8790 W were achieved. Moreover the outlet temperature of the cold water which was initially 25o C changed to 311 34 and 37o C respectively. Therefore increasing the outlet feed water temperature reduced energy consumption. The effectiveness of the thermosiphon economizer with the inlet temperatures of hot water of 45 55 and 65o C was 0.47 0.48 and 0.49 respectively.

The research team has isolated the cellulase producing microorganisms which have capability in producing extracellular cellulase enzyme for cellulosic degradation from leftover agricultural waste materials such as fruits and vegetables. After cellulosic material degradation the products mainly were sugar moiety being the starting materials for further alcohol fermentation and/or possibly being used in cultivation of common microorganisms. In the study when different 49 bacterial isolates were tested for their cellulase activity on Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) two bacteria Bacillus spp. CE08 and 49 were selected due to high cellulase activity and thus tested for the physical and chemical properties. Their 16S rDNA sequence comparisons were close to Bacillus sp. isolate obtained from the soil. Both isolates are common aerobic/facultative aerobic bacteria with the length of 1-3 μm Gram positive and preferring the fermentation of maltose and xylose to glucose while minimal degradation on sucrose and lactose contents. Their optimum digestibility was at 40°C pH 4.5 for the broth having unpurified extracellular cellulase activity at 3-4 μg /mg. The enzyme could use the substrateCMC the best but rice straw more slowly but better than grass. However the enzyme displayed the least digestion effectiveness on cotton. Both of these isolates are expectedly applied in the biological degradation process substituting chemicals that cause pollution problems to the environment. Additionally this is one promise way to bring value of agricultural waste to the community.

It is well known that waste spoiled are undesired and one of the main causing of environmental problems and health effects. In Thailand there are growing wastes especially at Thewarat market every year. The causes of the increase in wastes are from economic and industrial expansion which are important issues for the community responsible to manage and correct the amount and types of waste disposed properly before disposal. In the study a preliminary survey by talk and providing the questionnaires were conducted at the Thewarat market. It was found that solid wastes or rubbishes are mostly generated during and after trading process with and without proper can disposal. The stores did commonly dump the solid and liquid wastes around the stores or nearby the bin not inside the bin. The unpleasant observations shown were the solid wastes and dirty water contaminating into the soil and in the waterway and it was not managed hygienically. Uncared by unconcerned sellers during busy market during the day more unrecognized attitudes of the merchants themselves inappropriate placement of food and food waste in the public for the buyers and manucipal wastes generated by people in the surrounding community were normally observed daily. More risks of disease spreading and accumulated rodents insects and pathogens breeding and homing were appeared during at night after the market closed. In the research the campaign and suggestions were operated by the research team the proposed strategies for the waste management at Thewarat market area were including two times of training; discussions and 2 leaflets. These sessions were based on the education on proper waste management highlight on the proper use of right trash bin with the right waste post-sales area management and the use of microorganisms for the production of bio-fertilizers and bio-fermented solution from biodegradable waste in the market community. Moreover the monitoring communities were done for the proper use of trash bin in the community and providing the right waste management. It could bring the benefits to the community at the initial level especially the realization and attitudes in the suitable waste management since approximated 10% shops keep their shops and area nearby clean thus adding a panoramic view with a good image to the Thewarat market.