In this research palm oil fuel ash was utilized as a pozzolanic material in blended Portland cement mortar. The mortar was tested on the normal compressive strength and the negative effect of carbonation in indoor environment using the accelerated carbonation test of 5% CO2 in 50% relative humidity. Three palm oil fuel ash fractions of different fineness viz. coarse original palm oil fuel ash (CPOA) medium palm oil fuel ash (MPOA) and fine palm oil fuel ash (FPOA) were used for the study. Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) was partially replaced by these palm oil fuel ashes at the dosages of 20% and 40% by weight of binder. The results showed that the incorporation of the ashes affected the strength and the carbonation depths of mortars. The strengths of mortar slightly decreased with the increases in the dosage of the ash. The fineness of ash on the other hand improved the strength and the carbonation of the mortars. The mortars containing FPOA exhibited high strength and relatively low carbonation in comparison to those using coarser MPOA and CPOA. The use of FPOA resulted in a strong and dense mortar owing to the increased packing effect and pozzolanic reaction. It was therefore demonstrated that the FPOA could be used as a pozzolanic material to replace part of Portland cement for use in the indoor environment.

In this paper the effects of carbonation on pore structure of blended pozzolan cement pastes were investigated. Ordinary Portland cement _OPC_ was partially replaced with ground palm oil fuel ash _POA_ ground rice husk ash _RHA_ and classified fine fly ash _FA_. The strength total porosity specific surface area and pore size distribution were tested. In general incorporation of pozzolans increased the total porosity of blended cement pastes in comparison to that of OPC paste. Carbonation of pastes under 5% CO2 and 50% relative humidity _RH_ for 28 days resulted in filling of the pore voids and possible attack on calcium silicate hydrate _CSH_ depending on the type of pozzolan used. After carbonation total porosity decreased and specific surface areas of the blended pozzolan cement pastes reduced indicating the infilling of voids. Pore size distributions of POA and RHA pastes were different to those of FA pastes. Large pores of the POA and RHA pastes were increased indicating coarsening of pores owing to possible attack on CSH. It is possible that POA and RHA were highly reactive and hence their uses resulting in severe carbonation compared to use of FA.

This paper presented a study on the strength and chloride resistance of mortars made with ternary blends of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) ground palm oil fuel ash (POA) and classified fly ash (FA). The mortar mixtures were made with Portland cement type I containing 0-40wt% FA and POA. FA and POA with 1wt%-3wt% retained on a sieve No.325 were used. The compressive strength and rapid chloride penetration depth of mortars were determined. The results reveal that the use of ternary blended cements produces good strength mortars. The use of the blend of FA and POA also produces high strength mortars and excellent resistance to chloride penetration owing to the synergic effect of FA and POA. A mathematical analysis and two-parameter polynomial model were presented to predict the compressive strength. The mathematical model correlated well with the experimental results. The computer 3-D graphics of strength of the ternary blended mortars were also constructed and could be used to aid the understanding and the proportioning of the blended system.

This research study analyzes the problem of waste water from the burning of palm trees which are used as fuel for power generation of palm ash. It is used to ferment biogas as a fuel for power generation where a large amount of wastewater from the gas digester is completed. The wastewater is then pumped out of the gas digester. Biological in large quantities Therefore to study the analysis of wastewater to find a method for designing a wastewater treatment system from high voltage systems from the corona discharge principle when adding ozone it is necessary to analyze the chemical effects of the wastewater according to the standard values of the Department of Industrial Works.

The objective of this research is to study the development of eco cars using power-cutting mechanism technique of Transmission System. Two eco cars had been studied. The first car was conducted with the aim of developing transmission system and clutch system by changing from gear drive transmission system and chain drive mechanical clutch to belt and pulley transmission system by new designing the belt and pulley transmission system to have propeller shaft as the device to transmit power from the right to the left side with bearings to help reduce friction. Pulley system and clutch lever were installed in which the newly built clutch can be controlled by driver. The new model of transmission system is weight 0.7 kg which is lighter than the previous weight of 0.8 kg. Based on the first testing by participating in the 22nd Honda Eco Mileage Challenge at Chang International Circuit it was found that the system with belt tension at 1 kN resulted in good performance of transmission system and clutch system with fuel efficiency value at 626.157 km/L. After that the belt tension was adjusted and set up at 1.1 kN for 3 tests at Solar Track Thailand and it was found that the maximum fuel efficiency value was 1061.18 km/L at the speed of 34 km/hr. The second car was improved in transmission system suspension system steering system and also engine. The first trial was experimented on the 22nd racing event at the Chang International Circuit where this fuel efficient prototype car could run at 18 km. The result showed that it could have good mileage which was 275 km/L. After improvement the car was tested again for three times at the Solar Track Thailand circuit where it ran at 16 kilometers. The result revealed that the best saving was equivalent to 613 km/L at the speed of 30.6 km/hr.