During fermentation process yeast cells are often exposed to ethanol. Although the toxicity of ethanol to budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has widely been studied the ethanol stress signaling is still unknown. The growth of the mutants lacking genes involved in the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways was examined under ethanol stress condition. Our results revealed that the STE3 and AKR1 genes involved in the pheromone signaling pathway and the BCK1 MPK1 SWI4 SWI6 and MBP1 genes involved in the cell wall integrity pathway were required for tolerance to ethanol. In addition to the mutants of the cell wall integrity pathway the Δste3 and Δakr1 mutants were sensitive to a cell wall perturbing agent calcoflour white suggesting the role of these signaling molecules in maintaining cell wall during ethanol stress.

There is a difficulty in using chemical in disinfestations process in organic rice products therefore this research was aimed to study the optimal setting of infrared radiation heating for disinfestations in Organic Hom Mali Rice. Disinfestations process and rice storage were collected by surveying coupled with interviewing the rice milling enterprise. The infrared radiation heating used in this experiment was belt type with lamp power of 1000 watt. In this study Design of experimental technique was applied to generate the optimum setting of the infrared heating process. The experiments generated by Box Behnken design were 15 experiments and 2 replicate times therefore the total experiments were 30 times. The 3 factors include heating temperature gap between rice and infrared lamp and rice layer thickness. The result from statistical data analysis at reliability level of 95 % shown that the optimization value were heating temperature of 70 oC height of lamp above rice of 10 cm. and rice thickness of 0.5 cm insects mortality rate within 2-3 minutes. Rice after heating were subjected to naturally slow cooling by air therefore rice quality in a good condition without broken or cracking.