The research aimed to study parameters affecting the stress intensity and stress distribution as well as the deformation of run-flat tires for passenger cars using the Finite element method. Both experimental methods and finite element methodologies were employed in the research process. The results were obtained by comparing the strain values from the two methods to demonstrate the consistency of both methods. The differences in their strain values were shown in the range of 10-16% confirming the analyzing capability in this problem through the Finite element method. At the pre-processing step both procedures and methods were proven with SolidWorks simulation program together with experimentation. These consequences were incorporated to assist the design of run-flat tires. Parameters affecting the stress intensity and stress distribution were evaluated to understand the effects on deformation of the new designed run-flat tires. The reverse engineering process was thus applied in the research process by scanning with FARO P06-05 and creating solid modeling 3D models with Geomagic program for SolidWorks. These could assist in designing the reverse- engineered tire pan. Three components were additionally designed to support the ease in assembling or removing run flat tires from the pan. Run flat tires were finally designed for passenger cars typically the most common small cars. The weight of this car was limited at not more than 1800 kg and the thickness of the wheel pan was 17 inches. The analysis information assumed that the vehicles weight was distributed equally throughout all 4 wheels. The material used to make the run flat tires was a composite tire type that could withstand the pressure occurring from the weight of a passenger car. The results of the analysis demonstrated that the maximum stress on the run flat especially at the position where the run flat surface was in contact with the road was 30-45 MPa which depends on the location of contact with the road. Thus it affected the stress distribution on the wheel pan. The parameters obtained from the study affecting the stress distribution and deformation were accounted to be such types of materials made for run flat tires cross-sectional area and width of run flat tires.

The objective of this research was to design run flat wheels made of aluminum for passenger cars and investigate the stress strain and deformation of run flat wheels and their components. The original 17 inch run flat wheels were made of AISI 1020 steel with a weight of 11.3 kg per wheel. The main problems were from the high-level weight as well as the untighten connection together with noticed gaps taking place between the run flat wheel and the wheel. Therefore in this study the AISI 1020 material was changed to the Aluminum 6063 T6 material. The Numerical methodology using the finite element program was also chosen to indicate the comparative differences in the strain values engaged at various locations of both run flat wheels and pan wheels. The results obtained from both approaches using SolidWorks Simulation Program uncovered the consistent results of the experiments with a 10-16% difference in strain values. The complicated 17 inch wheel pan model was next built using reverse engineering and employed as a key reference to design the cross-sectional area of the new run flat wheels made of Aluminum 6063 T6. All these two parts could be connected tightly. The SolidWorks Simulation program was employed to design and examine the strength of both designed aluminum run flat wheels made of aluminum and the wheel pan made of 17 inch aluminum alloy to build passenger cars. The finite element model was furthermore applied for the run flat wheels made of aluminum 6063 T6 and it provided run flat wheels composed of 2 light weighted pieces. The stress strain and deformation measured were proven and suggested in the test. The output Von Mises stress did not exceed the Yield stress within the linear elastic limit and 3 times safety integrity value. The results from the study were that the obtained run flat wheels allowed the driver to continuously drive for a further 50 kilometers at a speed of 50 kilometers per hour without losing control. They allowed possible tire repairing or replacing when situated in a safe and convenient location.

Thailand is a country where passenger cars up to 7 people the specified cylinder capacity does not exceed 1500 CC. Most used in Bangkok which is a popular vehicle. Therefore this type of vehicle was chosen to collect data to study behavior and create a driving cycle the selection of the data collection route includes: Ratchadaphisek Road - Rama IV Road Phaholyothin Road and Rama III Road - Narathiwat Road etc. Which the road is in the business district which has a heavy traffic volume. At present there is an epidemic of Covid-19 the government therefore has measures to lockdown. It affects the traffic conditions greatly compared to the normal situation. Therefore data collection was performed on-board measurement. and grouping the time series clustering. In the part of the equipment used to store data including : KYOWA Model EDX-200A It is a highly accurate data storage device. by connecting to Global Positioning System: GPS sensor and connect to notebook The results of the data collection to create a driving cycle of 3 routes in the morning and evening (Peak time).It was found that most of the speed patterns used to create driving cycles were low speed patterns. The frequency of the speed range is close to the real driving and the speed range is in the range of 0-10 km/h. Which show that the traffic conditions on 3 routes are very dense. but driving in some parts can use speed and have the following movement patterns including : acceleration decelerationconstant speed stationary. Each route has different values.

The objective of this paper was study guidelines for taxation to promote the use of energy efficient passenger cars. The passenger car taxation of 4 developed countries; namely Japan Germany United Kingdom (UK) and United States (US) were analyzed and compared with Thai taxation. And studied barriers for promote the use of energy efficient passenger cars in Thailand. This survey conducted by using the close-ended questionnaires collecting data from 400 people who used passenger cars in Bangkok. The results found that tax on acquisition in the developed countries were only subjected to sales tax while Thailand’s acquisition tax composed of customs duty excise duty municipal tax and value added tax. The ownership tax rates of passenger cars in Japan Germany and UK were based on different fuel consumption parameters such as cylinder capacity vehicle weight and CO2 emissions which can promote energy efficient cars. On the contrary the ownership tax rate of USA and Thailand reduces with the age of vehicle. Fuel tax was imposed to support the country energy policy. Opinion survey results of barriers for promoting energy efficient passenger cars in Thailand showed that the significant problems were the lack of incentives measures to promote the use of energy efficient cars.

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