The objective of this work was to study the adsorption efficiency of natural clay and its surface modified with manganese oxide for removal of Pb( II) ion. The adsorption of Pb( II) from aqueous solution onto raw natural clay (NC) and manganese oxide-modified natural clay (MnO-NC) was evaluated based on batch experiment. The adsorption efficiency of MnO-NC onto Pb( II) was investigated as a function of the initial pH of 6 equilibrium time of 30 min adsorbent concentration of 5 g/L and initial concentration of Pb(II) solution in the range of 50- 500 mg/L. The adsorption isotherms of Langmuir Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich were used to describe the equilibrium isotherm. It is observed that the data from MnO-NC adsorbents fitted well to the Langmuir isotherm. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacities of MnO-NC were estimated as 38. 76 mg/ g. By comparing with NC the amount of Pb( II) adsorbed onto MnO-NC was more than NC by about 38 times under the optimized adsorption condition. According to Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm the adsorptive mechanism of Pb(II) onto MnO-NC was chemisorption whereas the NC showed the mechanism as physical in nature. The kinetic studies of Pb( II) demonstrated that the adsorption of Pb( II) onto MnO- NC and NC adsorbents followed a pseudo second- order model with a good correlation. The adsorption mechanism was processed via chemical ion exchange between H+ and bonded MnO groups and Pb(II) ions in solution.

The aims of research were to study (1) a basic formula of rice noodles’ production. (2) the production of jobs tears flour and rice flour in rice noodles’ production. (3) the quantities of using jobs tears substituting for rice flour in noodles’ production. And (4) consumers’ acceptance of rice noodles product from jobs tears flour. The results showed that the first formula was chosen to be the basic formula. This formulation containing 10% rice flour 3% tapioca flour 26% water and 0.5% vegetable oil. The results of physical qualification between jobs tears flour and rice flour showed that the lightness (L) of jobs tears flour lower than the lightness (L) of rice flour (p≤0.05). And the value (a*) showed redness and the value (b*) showed yellowness higher than rice flour (p≤0.05). Humidity and water activity (aw) of general rice flour is not different from jobs tears flour considered by sensory test with ratio of jobs tears flour to rice flour of 20:80. This ratio got more preference the ratio 40:60 and 60:40 (p≤0.05). According to the consumer test (100 consumers) the Noodles by Partially Substituting Rice Flour with Jobs tears Flour was accepted as the novel and delicious product by 98% consumers. Moreover and 92% of consumers decided to buy the product containing 250 g in the plastic bag with the price of 25 Baht.

Over the past decade eye-tracking technology can help people all over the world access computers through systems that use gaze control. For people with disabilities this technology is a gateway to communication personal expression and inclusion in society. Eye-tracking technology advance has been transferred to the educational area and now the use of interacting with the multimedia materials and resources in the classroom. The objectives of this research are threefold. The first study presented the development of a low-cost eye-tracking device based on video-oculography. The second study examined various factors in which eye movements can be systematically measured to design appropriate of usability in computer-assisted instruction (CAI). The third study created and determine the efficiency of computer-assisted instruction interactive with eyes lesson on knowledge of ASEAN in elementary education for a student with disabled hand control. This research has looked at three design parameters of the dwell-time click alternative interactive button size and placement of the button which suitable for eye tracking interfaces. The evaluation carried out an experiment to compare performance with five students with a disability. Results showed that a combination of big buttons and short dwell-times are most suited for maximizing accuracy and ease of use. Furthermore the efficiency of computer-assisted instruction is 70.0/71.5 and the user’s satisfaction with CAI were at the high level ( =4.27 S.D. 0.79). Consequently eye tracking technology is a great tool to interaction in computer-assisted instruction for Thai students with a disability. x